It has been doing this for 4.5 billion years and has about 4.5 billion years to go before all its hydrogen is used up.
At that time it will have consumed less than 1% of its mass.
This enormous solar furnace is responsible for climate change as well as all weather on earth.
What are sunspots?
In 1610, shortly after viewing the sun with his new telescope, Galileo Galilei made the first European observations of Sunspots.
Daily observations were started at the Zurich Observatory in 1749 and with the addition of other observatories continuous observations were obtained starting in 1849.
As a climatologist, I always found it amazing that we have had regular sunspot data far longer than we have had reliable coverage of temperature or precipitation.
Sunspots appear as dark spots on the surface of the Sun.
Temperatures in the dark centers of sunspots drop to about 3700 K (compared to 5700 K for the surrounding photosphere).
They typically last for several days, although very large ones may live for several weeks.
Sunspots are magnetic regions on the Sun with magnetic field strengths thousands of times stronger than the Earth's magnetic field.
Sunspots usually come in groups with two sets of spots.
One set will have positive or north magnetic field while the other set will have negative or south magnetic field.
The field is strongest in the darker parts of the sunspots - the umbra.
The field is weaker and more horizontal in the lighter part - the penumbra. Faculae are bright areas that are usually most easily seen near the limb, or edge, of the solar disk. These are also magnetic areas but the magnetic field is concentrated in much smaller bundles than in sunspots.
While the sunspots tend to make the Sun look darker, the faculae make it look brighter.
During a sunspot cycle, the faculae actually win out over the sunspots and make the Sun appear slightly (about 0.1%) brighter at sunspot maximum that at sunspot minimum.
21 spotless days and solar magnetic field still in a funk
Der August 2008 war nun der erste Monat seit 1913, in dem kein einziger Sonnenfleck beobachtet werden konnte
Die Anzahl der Sonnenflecken ist ein wissenschaftlich etablierter Indikator für die magnetische Aktivität der Sonne (und diese wiederum wurde von Svensmark und anderen in Korrelation zur Verteilung der Wolken auf der Erde und damit zu den globalen Wetterprozessen gesetzt).
Interessanterweise sind aber jene Zeiten, in denen 30 oder mehr Tage lang keine Sonnenflecken beobachtet werden konnten auch Zeiten gewesen, in denen es vergleichsweise kalt war - wie am Beginn der 1800er Jahre
Ökologismus
In the 95 years since 1913, we've had quite an active sun. But that has been changing in the last few years. The sun today is a nearly featureless sphere and has been for many days:
In the 20 years since "global warming" started life as a public issue with Dr. James Hansen's testimony before congress in June 1988, we are actually cooler.
Note that cluster of zero month years in the early 1800s (a very cold period called the Dalton minimum - at the time of Charles Dickens and snowy London town and including thanks to Tambora, the Year without a Summer 1816) and again to a lesser degree in the early 1900s.
These correspond to the 106 and 213 year cycle minimums. This would suggest that the next cycle minimum around 2020 when both cycles are in phase at a minimum could be especially weak.
Will this mean anything for climate in our near future?
Watts Up With That? (Anthony Watts)
de Die Zeit von 1645-1715 ist die "Kleine Eiszeit" im Maunder Minimum.
en The low flatline from 1645-1715 is the Maunder Minimum, a period of virtually no sunspots, where the historical reports from the northern hemisphere tell a story of dramatic climate change: harsh winters, cools summers, crop failures, famine and disease.
| de | en | fr |
|---|---|---|
| Ursachen des Klimawandels | Causes of Climate Change | Les causes du changement climatique |
| Der Einfluss der Sonne auf das Klima | The influence of the sun | L'influence du soleil |
| Klimaverlauf | History of climate | Histoire du climat |
| Die mittelalterliche Warmzeit und die Kleine Eiszeit | Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age | L'optimum climatique médiéval et le petit âge glaciaire |
|
If sunspots do go away, it wouldn't be the first time. In the 17th century, the sun plunged into a 70-year period of spotlessness known as the Maunder Minimum that still baffles scientists. The sunspot drought began in 1645 and lasted until 1715; during that time, some of the best astronomers in history (e.g., Cassini) monitored the sun and failed to count more than a few dozen sunspots per year, compared to the usual thousands. |
NASA
2009-09-03 de
Are Sunspots Disappearing?
The sun is in the pits of the deepest solar minimum in nearly a century.
Weeks and sometimes whole months go by without even a single tiny sunspot.
The quiet has dragged out for more than two years, prompting some observers to wonder, are sunspots disappearing?
Some extracts (hypotheses):
As for the physics, Hathaway found a correlation between Solar Cycle Length and the amplitude of the following cycle.
Solar Cycle 23 is likely to be 13 years long.
This is 3.4 years longer than Solar Cycle 22 and thus with mid-latitude temperatures responding at the rate of 0.7 degrees C per year of solar cycle length,
Solar Cycle 24 will be 2.4 degrees cooler than the one we are still in.
Today's spotlessness - what alarms Dr. Chapman and others - may be an anomaly of some kind, and the sun may soon revert to form.
But if it doesn't - and with each passing day, the speculation in the scientific community grows that it will not -
we could be entering a new epoch that few would welcome.
You probably haven't heard much of Solar Cycle 24, the current cycle that our sun has entered, and I hope you don't.
If Solar Cycle 24 becomes a household term, your lifestyle could be taking a dramatic turn for the worse.
That of your children and their children could fare worse still, say some scientists, because Solar Cycle 24 could mark a time of profound long-term change in the climate.
As put by geophysicist Philip Chapman, a former NASA astronaut-scientist and former president of the National Space Society,
"It is time to put aside the global warming dogma, at least to begin contingency planning about what to do if we are moving into another little ice age."
The sun, of late, is remarkably free of eruptions: It has lost its spots.
By this point in the solar cycle, sunspots would ordinarily have been present in goodly numbers.
Today's spotlessness - what alarms Dr. Chapman and others - may be an anomaly of some kind, and the sun may soon revert to form.
But if it doesn't - and with each passing day, the speculation in the scientific community grows that it will not - we could be entering a new epoch that few would welcome.
Sunspots have been well documented throughout human history, starting in the fourth century BC, with written descriptions by Gan De, a Chinese astronomer.
In 1128, an English monk, John of Worcester, was the first person known to have drawn sunspots, and after the telescope's arrival in the early 1600s, observations and drawings became commonplace, including by such luminaries as Galileo Galilei.
Then, to the astonishment of astronomers, they saw the sunspots diminish and die out altogether.
This was the case during the Little Ice Age, a period starting in the 15th or 16th century and lasting centuries, says NASA's Goddard Space Centre, which links the absence of sunspots to the cold that then descended on Earth.
During the coldest part of the Little Ice Age, a time known as the Maunder Minimum (named after English astronomer Edward Maunder), astronomers saw only about 50 sunspots over a 30-year period,
less than one half of 1% of the sunspots that would normally have been expected.
Other Minimums - times of low sunspot activity - also corresponded to times of unusual cold.
The consequences of the Little Ice Age, because they occurred in relatively recent times, have come down to us through literature and the arts as well as from historians and scientists, government and business records. When Shakespeare wrote of "lawn as white as driven snow," he had first-hand experience - Europe was bitterly cold in his day, a sharp contrast to the very warm weather that preceded his birth.
During the Little Ice Age, the River Thames froze over, the Dutch developed the ice skate and the great artists of the day learned to love a new genre: the winter landscape.
In what had been a warm Europe , adaptations were not all happy: Growing seasons in England and Continental Europe generally became short and unreliable, which led to shortages and famine.
These hardships were nothing compared to the more northerly countries: Glaciers advanced rapidly in Greenland, Iceland, Scandinavia and North America, making vast tracts of land uninhabitable.
The Arctic pack ice extended so far south that several reports describe Eskimos landing their kayaks in Scotland.
Finland's population fell by one-third, Iceland's by half, the Viking colonies in Greenland were abandoned altogether, as were many Inuit communities.
The cold in North America spread so far south that, in the winter of 1780, New York Harbor froze, enabling people to walk from Manhattan to Staten Island.
In the same way that the Earth shivered when sunspots disappeared, the Earth warmed when sunspot activity became pronounced.
The warm period about 1000 years ago known as the Medieval Warm Period - a time of bounty in which grapes grew in England and Greenland was colonized - also was a time of high sunspot activity, called the Medieval Maximum.
Since 1900, Earth has experienced what astronomers call "the Modern Maximum" - the 20th century has again been a time of high sunspot activity.
But the 1900s are gone, along with the high temperatures that accompanied them.
The last 10 years have seen no increase in temperatures - they reached a plateau and then remained there - and the last year saw a precipitous decline. How much lower and for how long the temperatures will fall, if at all, no one yet knows - the science is far from settled on what drives climate.
But many are watching the sun for answers, and for good reason. Several renowned scientists have been predicting for some time that the world could enter a period of cooling right around now, with consequences that could be dire.
"The next little ice age would be much worse than the previous one and much more harmful than anything warming may do,"
believes Dr. Chapman.
"There are many more people now and we have become dependent on a few temperate agricultural areas, especially in the U.S. and Canada.
Global warming would increase agricultural output, but global cooling will decrease it."
We are now at the beginning of Solar Cycle 24, so named because it is the 24th consecutive cycle that astronomers have listed, starting with the first cycle that began in March, 1755, and ended in June, 1766.
Each cycle lasts an average of approximately 11 years; each is marked by sunspots that first erupt in the mid latitudes of the sun, and then, over the course of the 11 years, erupt progressively toward the sun's equator; each is marked by a change in the polarity of the sun's hemispheres; each changes the temperature on Earth in ways that humans don't fully understand, but cannot in all honesty deny.
Theodor Landscheidt |
10.3.1927 - 19.5.2004 Dr, Schroeter Institute for Research in Cycles of Solar Activity, Nova Scotia, Canada |
|---|
166-Jahreszyklus der Sonnenfleckenaktivität
en 166 Year Cycle
fr Cycles 166 ans
Dr. Theodor Landscheidt (1927-2004)
Dieser Zyklus ist die 2. harmonische Schwingung eines 166-jährigen Zyklus und moduliert den 11-jährigen Sonnenzyklus.
Ein Vergleich mit den tatsächlich stattgefundenen Ereignissen ist augenfällig. 1120 fand ein aussergewöhnliches Maximum statt (Maximum der Mittelalterlichem Warmzeit), ca. 1670 ein Minimum (Kleine Eiszeit). Auch die 1947, 1976, 1983 aufgetretenen Temperaurmaxima decken sich mit diesen Zyklen bzw. der solaren Aktivität.
During the Maunder minimum solar activity was minimal and during the Medieval Climate Optimum very high, probably even higher than in the six decades of intense solar activity before 1996.
Accordingly, Friis-Christensen and Lassen (1995) have shown that the connection between the Northern Hemisphere land air temperature and varying LSC extends back to the 16th century.
Irregular oscillation of the sun;
Fig. 8: Irregular oscillation of the sun about the centre of mass of the solar system in a heliocentric perspective. The sun's limb is marked by a thick circle. The position of the centre of mass relative to the sun's centre (cross) in respective years is indicated by small circles. The strong variations in the physical quantities measuring the sun's orbital motion form cycles of different length, but similar function in solar-terrestrial relations.
Weitere Artikel über Sonnenzyklen
⇒ Siehe Ursache des Klimawandels:
Der Einfluss der Sonne auf das Klima
Die Sonne
⇒ Siehe Umwelt:
Die Sonne und ihre Planeten
Weitere Artikel von Theodor Landscheitdt
⇒ Siehe Informationen:
Who is who: Theodor Landscheidt
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Dem Autor dieser Webseite scheint folgendes interessant zu sein:
Von den Klimaforschern des IPCC wird allerorten verbreitet, dass in der Erdgeschichte bis zum Jahr 1980 Sonnenaktivität und Temperatur synchron laufen, seit 1980 dies nicht mehr der Fall wäre und die Ursache für die Temperaturänderung, also der Erwärmung, auf das vom Menschen zusätzlich ausgebrachte Kohlenstoffdioxid (CO2) zurückzuführen sei.
Als Hauptbelege werden Sonnenkurve und Mauna-Loa-CO2-Kurve herangezogen.
Ich möchte nun zeigen, dass diese Ableitung falsch ist und dass auch über das Jahr 1980, bis zum heutigen Tag, Temperatur- und Sonnenaktivität synchron laufen und es für die 1980 aufgetretenen Temperaturschwankungen keines anderen Mechanismus, als die variable Sonne bedarf.
... zeigen ganz deutlich, dass, sowohl die aktuelle Klimaperiode, als auch die Klimaperioden der letzten 1.200 Jahre auf die Sonne zurückzuführen sind und explizit mit dem de Vries/Suess-Zyklus synchron laufen.
Sie zeigen auch, dass nach jedem Maximum des de Vries/Suess-Zyklus die Temperaturen deutlich fallen, so wie wir dies jetzt wieder erleben.
Entgegen den Prognosen des IPCC, ist anhand der aktuellen Temperaturentwicklung und dem aufgezeigten Klimazusammenhang mit dem de Vries/Suess-Zyklus, mit deutlich fallenden Temperaturen für die nächste Jahrzehnte zu rechnen.
Was hat nun auf einmal die Sonnenzyklenlänge (Schwabe-Zyklus) mit der Temperatur auf der Erde zu tun, ganz einfach, je länger ein Zyklus dauert, umso weniger Zyklen gibt es pro Jahrhundert und umso geringer ist deren integrierte Intensität der Sonneneinstrahlung auf die Erde.
Des Weiteren gibt es einen direkten Zusammenhang zwischen Zykluslänge und Höhe des nächsten Maximums im Schwabe-Zyklus - je länger der Zyklus, um so geringer die nächste Sonnenaktivität.
... Auf die Sonnenaktivität und den ausbleibenden 24. Sonnenzyklus heißt dies konkret, dass der 24. Zyklus so gut wie "ausfällt" - extrem flach, mit einem geringen Wert der Sonnenfleckenrelativzahl von deutlich unter 100.
Dies sind Werte, wie sie letztmalig im 17.- und 19. Jahrhundert, während des Maunder-Minimums, bzw. des Dalton-Minimums auftraten.
So zeigen z.B. die Messdaten des NASA-Satelliten "Ulysses", dass der Sonnenwind, der als Folge magnetischer Aktivität variiert, so schwach ist wie seit 50 Jahren nicht mehr.
Es ist daher davon auszugehen, dass auf der Erde bald wieder ähnliche Temperaturen herrschen, wie im Dalton Minimum.
de
Die Sonnenaktivität steuert die Kosmischen Strahlen und dadurch
die Wolkenbildung.
en
The sun is influencing the cosmic rays and therefore the clouds cover.
fr
Le Soleil influence les rayons cosmiques est par cela les nuages sur
la terre.
de Die Klimaänderungen werden von der Sonne verursacht.
Bei grosser Sonnenaktivität entsteht mehr Sonnenwind, der die kosmischen Strahlen von der Erde ablenkt. Dadurch werden weniger Wolken gebildet und es treffen mehr Sonnenstrahlen auf die Erde auf.
Die entsprechenden Forschungsarbeiten sind relativ neu.
en Cosmic Rays and Climate
en
Chapter 6 Radiative Forcing of Climate Change
6.11.2.2 Cosmic rays and clouds
Climate Change 2001 IPCC Working Group I: The Scientific Basis
Svensmark and Friis-Christensen
(1997) demonstrated a high degree of
correlation between total cloud cover, from the ISCCP C2 data set,
and cosmic ray flux between 1984 and 1991. Changes in the heliosphere
arising from fluctuations in the Sun's magnetic field mean that galactic
cosmic rays (GCRs) are less able to reach the Earth when the Sun is
more active so the cosmic ray flux is inversely related to solar activity.
Svensmark and Friis-Christensen analysed monthly mean data of total cloud using only data over the oceans between 60°S and 60°N from geostationary satellites. They found an increase in cloudiness of 3 to 4% from solar maximum to minimum and speculated that (a) increased GCR flux causes an increase in total cloud and that (b) the increase in total cloud causes a cooling of climate.
Svensmark and Friis-Christensen (1997) also extended this analysis to cover the years 1980 to 1996 using cloud data from the DMSP and Nimbus-7 satellites and showed that the high correlation with GCR flux is maintained
But IPCC concluded:
We conclude ... At present there is insufficient evidence
to confirm that cloud cover responds to solar variability.
Remarks:
IPCC has not reconsidered its position yet. (2008)
fr Lien entre les rayons cosmiques, l'activité solaire et le climat terrestre.
Un vent plus fort réduira le flux de rayons cosmiques atteignant la Terre, car ils perdent plus d'énergie en traversant le système solaire.
Les rayons cosmiques viennent d'au-delà du système solaire (les rayons cosmiques en dessous de 1015 eV sont probablement accélérés par les restes de super-novas).
Alors que les rayons cosmiques dominent l'ionisation de la troposphère, une activité solaire en augmentation se traduit par une ionisation réduite et empiriquement (comme montré ci-dessous), également à une réduction de la couverture nuageuse à basse altitude. Alors que les nuages de basse altitude ont un net effet de refroidissement (leur "blancheur" est plus importante que leur effet "couverture"), l'activité solaire augmentée signifie un climat plus chaud.
Les variations intrinsèques du flux de rayons cosmiques peuvent avoir un effet similaire, pour une fois, non-reliées à l'activité solaire.
Henrik Svensmark du Danish National Space Center à Copenhague a montré que la couverture nuageuse varie de manière synchrone avec le flux variable de rayons cosmiques atteignant la Terre.
A l'échelle de temps adéquate, les plus grandes variations se produisent suivant le cycle solaire de 11 ans et en fait, cette couverture semble suivre le cycle et la moitié de l'amplitude du flux de rayons cosmiques.
| de | en | fr |
|---|---|---|
| Ursachen des Klimawandels | Causes of Climate Change | Les causes du changement climatique |
| Der Einfluss der Sonne auf das Klima | The influence of the sun | L'influence du soleil |
| TSI | = |
en Total Solar Irradiance Definition by IPCC 2007: The amount of solar radiation received outside the Earth's atmosphere on a surface normal to the incident radiation, and at the Earth's mean distance from the Sun. Reliable measurements of solar radiation can only be made from space and the precise record extends back only to 1978. The generally accepted value is 1,368 W m-2 with an accuracy of about 0.2%. Variations of a few tenths of a percent are common, usually associated with the passage of sunspots across the solar disk. The solar cycle variation of TSI is of the order of 0.1% (AMS, 2000). See also Insolation. de Solarkonstante Definition: Der Mittelwert der Strahlungsintensität, welcher an der Obergrenze der Atmosphäre senkrecht auf eine Fläche von 1 m2 einfällt, wird als Solarkonstante bezeichnet. Sie beträgt an der äußeren Grenze zur Erdatmosphäre pro Minute etwa 8 Joule/cm2 oder 1.368 W/m2. |
| SIM | = |
Solar Inertial Model |
| PDO | = |
de
Pazifische Dekaden-Oszillation en Pacific Decadal Oscillation Link 1 Link 2 fr Oscillation décennale du Pacifique |
| AMO | = |
de
Atlantische Multidekaden-Oszillation en Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation fr Oscillation atlantique multidécennale |
| ENSO | = | El Niño - Southern Oscillation |
| CMSS CGSS |
= = |
en Center of Mass of the Solar System fr Centre de Gravité du Système Solaire |
| HadCrut | = | Temperature of the Hadley Centre of the UK Met Office |
| ACRIM | = |
Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor In 1971, the PMOD was designated by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO, Geneva) to serve as a World Radiation Center (WRC). |
| PMOD/WRC | = |
Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World
Radiation Center In 1971, the PMOD was designated by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO, Geneva) to serve as a World Radiation Center (WRC). |
Nicola Scafetta | PhD, Research Scientist, Duke University |
|---|
en Climate Change and Its Causes: A Discussion about Some Key Issues
ADS The Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System
Nicola Scafetta / American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2008
en
Can the solar system planetary motion be used to forecast the
multidecadal variability of climate?
The movement of the Sun relative to the center of mass of the solar system (CMSS) is used as a proxy of the extraterrestrial forcing.
I show that large natural climate variations with peak-to-trough amplitude of about 0.1 °C and 0.24 °C and with periods of about 20 and 60 years, respectively, match equivalent oscillations found in the dynamics of the Sun relative to the CMSS.
Several other frequency components match as well.
Thus, the solar planetary index can be used to forecast multidecadal natural climate oscillations for the 21st century.
These projections indicate that climate will stabilize or cool until 2030.
An indirect consequence of these findings is that at least 60% of the global warming observed since 1975 has been induced by the combined effect of the above two natural climate oscillations.
This suggests that the anthropogenic effect on global warming has been exaggerated by the climate model simulations and projections published by the IPCC.
en CMSS-Climate Power Spectrum Comparison
fr Comparaison de l'analyse spectrale de la température du Globe ( données du HadCrut) avec l'analyse spectrale de la vitesse du soleil par rapport au CGSS.
Cette dernière est obtenue par le calcul direct qui donne la position des planètes régies par les lois de Newton.
en
fr
Pensée Unique (Jean Martin)
en Models of the global climate from 1850 to 2100 based on the reconstruction of the climate multidecadal variability based on the velocity of the Sun relative to Climate Power Spectrum Comparison (CMSS)
fr Modélisation par N. Scafetta du climat du globe de 1850 à 2100 basée sur la reconstruction de la variation multidécennale donnée par la vitesse du soleil par rapport au Centre de Gravité du Système Solaire.
en
fr
Pensée Unique (Jean Martin)
fr Conclusions:
Remarquez l'excellent accord entre le résultat de ce calcul basé sur la vitesse du soleil par rapport au CGSS et les mesures effectives de température globale (données HadCrut, courbe bruitée en rouge).
On retrouve les pics froids de 1912 et 1970 ainsi que les pics chauds des années 1940 et 1998... L'accord est pratiquement parfait.
Si on extrapole le résultat de ce calcul vers le futur, on observe que la température en 2100 ne devrait pas être supérieure de 1°C (seulement !) à celle que nous connaissons actuellement.
Ce qui est très inférieur aux prédictions du GIEC et devrait satisfaire les présidents-prophètes du G20, récemment réunis à Londres, lesquels ont décidé de limiter autoritairement à 2°C la hausse de température de la planète ... même si on ne sait pas trop comment ils s'y prendront.
Dans tous les cas, comme le signale Nicola Scafetta nous devrions assister à une baisse de température nette jusqu'en 2030 au moins ... ce qui rejoint les multiples prédictions déjà effectuées et qui ne font pas plaisir à tout le monde.
Ce travail de Nicola Scafetta qui retrouve une périodicité de 60 ans dans les mouvements du soleil, réconcilie deux tendances qui semblaient jusqu'à présent disjointes: Celles qui se basaient sur les oscillations multidécennales océaniques comme moteur du climat et celles qui se basaient sur les cycles solaires.
En bref, il semble bien que le soleil et ses évolutions par rapport aux grosses planètes environnantes, soit le grand responsable de tout cela.
Mais - me direz vous- est-ce si étonnant ?
L'explication physique de ces étonnantes corrélations croisées qui battent de très loin celle, chancelante, du (taux de CO2/variation de température) chère au GIEC, n'est pas évidente.
Le détail du processus qui fait que la course du soleil et des planètes modifient la TSI et les éruptions solaires et influent sur le climat n'est pas encore compris.
Il semble que l'effet des "tidal forces" (forces des marées) analogues à l'attraction que la lune exerce sur les océans soit une possibilité envisageable...Nous verrons.)
en Nicola Scafetta
fr Nicola Scafetta
Pensée unique(Jean Martin)
2009-08-19 fr
Nicola Scafetta: Observation d'un lien fort entre le mouvement
du soleil et des planètes du système solaire avec le climat terrestre.
La périodicité de 60 ans est retrouvée dans le système solaire.
Nicola Scafetta, qui est un spécialiste de l'analyse statistique et mathématique des systèmes complexes, a cherché s'il existait une corrélation entre les cycles complexes du soleil et les variations plus ou moins cycliques de la température terrestre (à partir des données HadCrut) de 1850 à nos jours.
En examinant les nombreuses possibilités qui s'offraient à lui, notamment relatives aux mouvements du soleil, il a découvert une corrélation que l'on peut qualifier de remarquable entre les cycles de la température du globe et les cycles que suit la vitesse du soleil par rapport au Centre de Gravité du Système Solaire (CGSS).
de Gavin Schmidt (GISS) versucht Einfluß der Sonne zu widerlegen
Versuch den Einfluss der Sonne zu Widerlegen:
Replik von Nicola Scafetta / Reply by Nicola Scafettta:
Raimund Leistenschneider schreibt in einem Mail (2009-09-11)
in Bezug auf den TSI (Total Solar Irradiance) als
Aussage der solaren Aktivität in einem andern
Zusammenhang und auf einen anderen Bericht bezogen:
"Nun ist aber durch den "Svensmark-Effekt" bekannt, dass geladene Aerosole/Partikel ca. 100-mal besser als Kristalationskeime dienen, als ungeladene und deren Vorhandensein, bzw. deren Größenpaket hat einen spürbaren Einfluss auf das Wetter.
Einen indirekten Einfluss auf das Wetter sollte durch die Forschungsergebnisse zumindest nicht von vorneherein ausgeschlossen werden.
Der Bericht (es ist nicht der in dieser Website widergegebene Bericht gemeint) zeigt auch, dass der TSI als Aussage der solaren Aktivität eine Mogelpackung ist, da er nur einen Teil des solaren Energiespektrums abdeckt (200 nm - 2.000 nm) und somit zur Aussage, die Sonnenaktivität hätte seit 1980 nicht mehr zugenommen, grundsätzlich nicht herangezogen werden kann."
The probe is still in its early design phase, called "pre-phase A" at NASA headquarters